The way the Zika Virus Infects Its Way With the Placenta

01.12.2020

9 min read

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Doctors puzzled by baby born with Zika virus

Eight-week-old Micela is a medical mystery. She was exposed to the Zika virus in the womb, and was born with slight damage to one eye and stiffness on one side of her body. Now doctors are working to determine her prognosis. David Begnaud reports.

The way the Zika Virus Infects Its Way With the Placenta

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Zika-infected couples should postpone pregnancy: U.S. health officials

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미 보건당국 “지카 감염되면 최소 8주간 임신 피하라”.
Health officials in the United States have unveiled new guidelines concerning pregnancy and the Zika virus..
They are recommending that women diagnosed with the virus wait at least eight weeks from the start of symptoms before trying to get pregnant..
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says men with confirmed cases or who have had symptoms are now advised to wait at least six months after their symptoms begin before having unprotected sex..
Numerous cases of sexually transmitted Zika infection which has links to severe birth defects in some cases have been confirmed in the U.S..
An official said that the CDC’s latest guidelines are based on the best evidence to date, and not on a definitive understanding of Zika..
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Yale study identifies cells in human placenta that can carry Zika virus

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In a laboratory inside The Anlyan Center at Yale School of Medicine, researchers have identified two cells, located in a woman’s placenta that can carry Zika virus.

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Zika study says virus passes placenta to foetus

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(18 Feb 2016) LEAD IN:

Doctors treating Zika in Brazil say they’ve detected the virus in the amniotic fluid surrounding foetuses diagnosed with brain deformity caused by microcephaly..

Their research suggests the virus can infect the foetus, although they say more evidence is needed before concluding Zika causes microcephaly..
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In pregnancy the placenta regulates the exchange of substances between the mother and the developing baby, protecting the foetus from infections..

It made up of layers of tissue which form a barrier analysing what is transmitted..

The degree to which babies are shielded and protected by the placenta isn’t always certain..

Doctors here at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute in Rio de Janeiro examined the amniotic fluid of two patients..

This fluid is the liquid which surrounds the baby in the womb..

Zika was found in the amniotic fluid of both women suggesting the virus was able to cross the placenta..

The report is published in the Lancet medical journal on 17 January 2016..

Lead author Dr Ana Bispo says: “The largest amount of sequences found in that amniotic liquid was Zika, so we can say that the Zika (virus) was the agent involved in that microcephaly case.”.

The women in the study were aged 27 and 35 and they were from Paraiba in northeast Brazil..

Both claimed to have symptoms of Zika virus infection including fever, muscle pain and a rash during their first trimester of pregnancy..

Their ultrasounds taken at about 22 weeks confirmed the microcephaly..

According to the study, both women tested negative for dengue virus, chikungunya virus and other infections such as HIV, syphilis and herpes..

Blood and urine samples from the patients tested negative for Zika, but their amniotic fluid tested positive for Zika virus genome and Zika antibodies..

Further examination of the amniotic fluid was undertaken at 28 weeks to identify any possible microorganisms present in the samples, but only the Zika virus genome was found..

Bispo says: “When we check the genome (of the Zika), comparing that with other flavivirus, we saw that it’s closer to the Japanese encephalitis and to the yellow fever, and distant from the dengue. That proximity was interesting.”.

RNA from the blood of the case studies was then compared with samples from previous outbreaks..

At that point it was found to be genetically related to the Zika strain identified in French Polynesia in 2013..

According to Bispo, previous studies identified Zika in the saliva, the breast milk and the urine of mothers and their newborn babies after birth..

Dr Bispo says no conclusions can be drawn until they can identify the biological mechanism linking Zika virus to microcephaly..

Microcephaly in countries where Zika doesn’t exist have been linked to a host of contributory factors..

These include genetic disorders, drug or chemical intoxication, maternal malnutrition and infections with viruses or bacteria that can cross the placental barrier such as herpes, HIV, or other mosquito borne viruses such as chikungunya..

Bispo says: “We conclude that it’s the Asiatic genotype, the strain is exactly the same that the strain found in the the French Polynesia. What we see here (what’s happening in Brazil) is because we have a larger population, because in French Polynesia they also found congenital malformation cases, but maybe, because the abortion is free (there) they have not (registered the malformation, microcephaly cases) as they have here. Or maybe it’s because our population has a different genetics. What could be contributing in addition to the (Zika) virus for us (the Brazilians) to have those cases of microcephaly? There are still questions without any answers.”.
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FRIDAY, May 27, 2016 (HealthDay News) New research seems to shed light on how the Zika virus infects, but doesn’t kill, placenta cells. The mosquito-borne virus can cause severe birth defects in babies whose mothers are exposed to Zika during pregnancy, but scientists don’t know exactly how that happens. The researchers found that Zika can replicate in immune cells from the placenta without killing them. They said this may explain how the virus can pass through the placenta of a pregnant woman and.

Zika virus can infect and replicate in immune cells from the placenta, without killing them, scientists have discovered. The finding may explain how the virus can pass through the placenta of a pregnant woman, on its way to infect developing brain cells in her fetus. The results are published in.

Zika virus can infect and replicate in immune cells from the placenta, without killing them, researchers, including one of Indian-origin, have found. The finding may explain how the virus can pass through the placenta of a pregnant woman, on its way to infect developing brain cells in her foetus. New York: A team of researchers led by Indian-origin scientists have discovered that the deadly Zika virus can infect and replicate in immune cells from the placenta, without killing them. Two studies recently published in Cell showed, in experiments conducted on female mice, how Zika is able to cross the placenta, infect the fetus and cause microcephaly—insufficient development of.

Decreased oxygen levels in a placenta can impair fetal development and ultimately the health of a baby after birth. This artist’s image of a placenta shows how the Zika virus can affect a mother’s womb. The maternal blood vessels that feed into the placenta (A) become narrower and limit blood flow to the fetus.

Zika, on the other hand, is already active. It is released from an infected cell and then infects others, including placental cells that contact the fetal bloodstream. It can very quickly — and very early — reach fetal blood inside the developing placenta.

The two viruses are quite different from each other. An alternative hypothesis is that non-neutralizing, cross-reactive antibodies bind ZIKV and traffic across the placenta, through a neonatal Fc-receptor-mediated mechanism, to infect placental macrophages. Various cell types in the placenta are susceptible to infection with Zika virus. Specifically, observations of hydropic and hyperplastic chorionic villi, as well as the proliferation of Hofbauer cells, have been reported during infection with Zika virus [ 12 ].

List of related literature:

Placental pathology of Zika virus: Viral infection of the placenta induces villous stromal macrophage (hofbauer cell) proliferation and hyperplasia.
from Pregnant in the Time of Ebola: Women and Their Children in the 2013-2015 West African Epidemic by David A. Schwartz, Julienne Ngoundoung Anoko, Sharon A. Abramowitz Springer International Publishing, 2019
Zika virus infection induces apoptosis of trophoblasts in the first trimester, and produces enlarged, hydropic chorionic villi, immature villi, and proliferation of Hofbauer cells (fetal macrophages), but no villous necrosis.189
from Chestnut’s Obstetric Anesthesia E-Book by David H. Chestnut, Cynthia A Wong, et. al. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2019
Studies in mice with immune defects suggest that Zika virus replicates initially in the placenta followed by infection of the fetus, and that viral replication occurs in neural precursor cells, leading to reduced brain size and thinning of the cortex.
from Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease E-Book by Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas, Jon C. Aster Elsevier Health Sciences, 2020
Zika virus is transmitted via mosquito bite, transfusion of blood products, sex, and maternal-fetal route.
from Rheumatology Secrets E-Book by Sterling West, Jason Kolfenbach Elsevier Health Sciences, 2019
The virus spreads through the bloodstream, it can infect and replicate in the placenta, it then reaches the fetus, where it persistently infects cells, inducing a decreased growth rate.
from Neonatology: A Practical Approach to Neonatal Diseases by Giuseppe Buonocore, Rodolfo Bracci, Michael Weindling Springer Milan, 2012
Zika virus detected in amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood in an in vitro fertilization-conceived pregnancy in Venezuela.
from Male Infertility: Contemporary Clinical Approaches, Andrology, ART and Antioxidants by Sijo J. Parekattil, Sandro C. Esteves, Ashok Agarwal Springer International Publishing, 2020
In mice, the virus infects the placenta, where it persists and spreads to the fetus despite the development of maternal antibody.
from Principles of Gender-specific Medicine by Marianne J. Legato, John P. Bilezikian Elsevier Academic Press, 2004
The ability of viruses to spread from the infected mother to the fetus arises from the structure of the placenta, which anchors the fetus to the uterus.
from Joints and Connective Tissues: General Practice: The Integrative Approach Series by Kerryn Phelps, Craig Hassed Elsevier Health Sciences APAC, 2012
As in other viruses, PPV1 could reach the fetus in one of three ways: in body fluids, such as blood or lymph; by progressive replication through continuous placental cell layers; or in cells, such as macrophages or lymphocytes (Mengeling et al. 2000).
from Diseases of Swine by Jeffrey J. Zimmerman, Locke A. Karriker, et. al. Wiley, 2019
The placenta also contains phagocytes and lymphocytes and produces cytokines such as interferon.39 The organisms most commonly transferred across the placenta are Listeria monocytogenes, Treponema pallidum, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), parvovirus B19, rubella, Toxoplasma gondii, and cytomegalovirus (CMV).114
from Maternal, Fetal, & Neonatal Physiology4: Maternal, Fetal, & Neonatal Physiology by Susan Tucker Blackburn Elsevier Saunders, 2012

Oktay Kutluk

Kutluk Oktay, MD, FACOG is one of the world's foremost experts in fertility preservation as well as ovarian stimulation and in vitro fertilization for infertility treatments. He developed and performed the world's first ovarian transplantation procedures as well as pioneered new ovarian stimulation protocols for embryo and oocyte freezing for breast and endometrial cancer patients.

Mail: [email protected]
Telephone: +1 (877) 492-3666

Biography: https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/kutluk_oktay/
Bibliography: oktay_bibliography

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Larim says:
12.01.2021 at 16:57
Zika does not cause birth defects. It was the Government in Brazil contaminating their water. Zika is a cover up, since it is easy to blame something that can not be controlled. What are there no birth defects in neighboring countries. Or even rich people in Brazil. Only poor people in certain areas in Brazil are having babies with birth defects.
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